Weeks 1-4: Key Concepts and Vocabulary Review

Here you may review the key concepts used in  this course.  There are a little over 60 key concepts which you may also study by clicking and using this Quizlet application

No.	English Term	Definition	Arabic term
1.	Arabize	A process, policy or emphasis placed on the use of the Arabic language or recognition of Arab participation	عرّب
2.	Arabizi	Texting in a mixture of Arabic and English (Latin text) or characters.  For example: al-7amdullilah for الحمد لله or 3rabiya for عربية	عربيزي
3.	Asylum	The protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home country as a political refugee.	لُجوء
4.	Bilateral / Multilateral	Bilateral relations are between only 2 countries; multilateral relations are between 3 or more countries	ثُنائيّ \  مُتَعَدِّد الأَطْرافِ
5.	Capitalism	A system of economic exchange of goods and services based on money, wages, rents, investment and interest, and private ownership.	رَأْسْماليّة
6.	Commodity	A good or raw product sold on the world market: copper, tin, coffee, sugar, iron, wood, etc.	سلعة
7.	Consumerism	The emphasis on buying products that you consume; buying new clothes, new perfumes, new cars, the latest iPhone, the latest iPod, a new watch every year. A consumer is a مستهلك	أستهلاكية
8.	Cultural Globalisation	Music is an excellent example of mixing of cultural forms or the hybridity of fashion and music as in Korean Pop music or Pop Rai in North Africa and France. The spread of American or English style may also be recognized. Arabic culture and ideas also spread as ideas..	عولمة ثقافية
9.	Dependent	Needs support or help from someone else, another country, etc.	معتمد
10.	Deregulation	Removal of rules or requirements	تحرير الاقتصاد / التجارة من قانون أو قاعدة
11.	Diglossia	A situation in which two languages, or two varieties of the same language) are used under different conditions within a community, often by the same speakers. For example, the mixing of classical and colloquial Arabic, or the use of English with Arabic.	ازْدِواجيّة لُغَويّة
12.	Economic Globalisation	The worldwide development and spread of manufacturing, and exchange of resources, capital and goods and services as well as consumerism.	عولمة أقتصادية
13.	Elite	A group or class of people seen as having the most power and influence in a society, especially on account of their wealth or privilege.	نُخْبة
14.	Emigrants	Those who permanently move from their home country to another country. In the 19th century many Europeans became emigrants when they permanently moved to the United States or Canada.	مهاجرون اللذين يخرجون من البلد
15.	Environmental Globalisation	The cumulative effect of pollution on the oceans, land, sea. Nuclear contamination is an example. The rise in consciousness or awareness about the problem of global warming is another aspect.	عولمة بيئيّة
16.	Fair Trade	A global consumer movement to promote better conditions for local producers and farmers by promoting access to markets and informed consumers.  Fair trade supporters may question buying a Starbucks cup of coffee if they are unsure how the coffee was bought.	التجارة العادلة
17.	Free trade	Trade between countries without restrictions	تجارة حرّة
18.	GDP or Gross Domestic Product	The total amount of goods and services produced by a country.	ناتِج مَحَلّيّ إجْماليّ
19.	Globalization	The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space	عولمة
20.	Globalize	To have influence worldwide ; to compete globally	بشكْل عامٍّ  ،  عالميًّ
21.	Glocal / Glocalization	The practices of businesses to market and make their global products appeal to local consumers. The idea of being both global and local. For example, McDonalds now uses McArabia as a brand to sell to customers in the Middle East.	محلي و عولمة
22.	Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)	The regional cooperative council of the Arab Gulf nations of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Oman.	مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية
23.	Hybridity	Mixing of cultures in a cultural product; as in K-Pop the Korean adaption of American pop music	تحجين
24.	Immigrants	People who officially are recognized as moving into a country with the intention of becoming permanent residents. Immigrants usually are given permanent residence or citizenship.	مهاجرون  اللذين يدخللون في البلد
25.	Independent	Needs no support/help from something/someone else	مستقل
26.	Inequality	An imbalance of incomes between the wealthy and the poor or a condition of disproportionate wealth or power by the few.	عَدَم مُساواةٍ \ تَكافُؤٍ
27.	Interdependent	Needs support/help of something/someone else that also needs our support as well - mutual relationship	مترابط
28.	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	An emergency fund used when countries fall into a debt crisis. For example, when Argentina faced a series of debt and financial crises it had to go to the IMF for money to keep the country financially stable. There are critics of the power and financial terms the IMF imposes.	صُنْدوق النَقْدِ الدُوَليّ
29.	Local	A local place or space, your village, town, neighborhood	محليّ
30.	Localization	The adaptation of standards to local languages or local customs or conditions (Computer term)	توْطين ، تطْويع
31.	Migrants	Those who leave their country to move to another country in search of work or due to war, famine or other crises. Migrants are often forced to leave due to poverty in their own country and move to richer countries in search of work.	مُهاجِرون
32.	Migration	The movement of people and workers from one country to another. Migrants are not considered to be permanent residents of the country they move to. Many migrants in the world today are forced to move because of economic or political conditions in their home country.	هجرة
33.	Modernization	The process of improving or making something new, current, up to date.	تحديث أو تجديد
34.	Multicultural	The recognition or appreciation of many people with different cultural and national origin living together.	متعددة الثقافات
35.	Multilingual	The prevalent use of multiple languages in a place	متعددة اللغات
36.	Multinationals (MNCs)	Also known as MNCs or multinational companies. For example, Emirates Airlines, Toyota, McDonald's, Coca Cola, Apple Computer, Microsoft	شركات متعددة الجنسيات
37.	National	Relating to a country or nation as a whole	وطنية
38.	NGOs	Nongovernmental Organizations are charitable organizations that donate medical, food, education, technical and other services or that help international development. Examples are:  the International Committee of the Red Cross;  Red Crescent Society, or Doctors Without Borders;  Oxfam; Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund	مُنَظَّمة غَيْر حُكوميّةٍ
39.	Paris Agreement	Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, The agreement sets a global action plan to limit global warming to well below 2°C. Those opposed to say the carbon tax system does not work and the agreements don't go far enough.	اتفاقية باريس بشأن تغير المناخ
40.	Political Globalisation	Since World War II the need for greater international cooperation and negotiation led to an emphasis on multilateral relations among countries. Groups of countries that talk together are less likely to go to war with each other. In this way the United Nations was created in 1945 to enable greater international cooperation. Regional political associations, like Gulf Cooperation Council or the Arab League also have appeared since World War II. Political globalisation leads to an emphasis on international human rights and action taken against international crimes or crimes against humanity	عولمة سياسية
41.	Poverty	The condition of being extremely poor and without adequate money, food, housing	فَقْر
42.	Privatisation / Privatization	The selling off of public or government owned services or assets. When the UK sold its public owned water services to private corporations this was an act of privatisation or privatization. In Russia privatisation of the minerals and energy sector led to the creation of billionaires, but the public no longer owned these services and assets.	خَصْخَصة
43.	Protectionism	The policy or practice of protecting a country's manufacturing industry from foreign imports by placing tariffs, taxes, quotas or trade barriers on imported products.	حِمائيّة
44.	Refugees	Citizens who are forced to flee their homes or country because of natural disaster, civil war or political conditions. اللاجؤن	اللاجئونَ
45.	Regional	Relating to a geographical area as whole (for example the Gulf region or the Gulf Cooperation Council or GCC);  European Union (EU)	منطقية
46.	Regulation	Putting in place of rules or requirements to control something	قانون ، قاعدة
47.	Remittances	Money that is sent home by foreign workers. In some countries like Nepal, remittances make up a significant percentage of gross domestic product.  See this Tedtalks lecture.	تَحْويل ماليّ
48.	Social Globalisation	Here we find an appeal to universal rights as in the call for the elimination of child labor. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1948. Other areas include human migration, but also problems from transnational drug trade, laundering of money, and international criminal organisations. Marriage to other nationals is another aspect of social globalisation.	عولمة اجتماعية
49.	Standardization	The process of making something uniform or the same.	توحيد
50.	Tariff	A tax or fee placed on imported goods, part of a trade barrier.	تَعْرِفة \ تَعْريفة جُمْرُكيّة
51.	The League of Arab States	An organization of Arab states, founded in 1945 in Cairo, whose purpose is to ensure cooperation among its member states and protect their independence and sovereignty. Also called Arab League.	جامِعة الدُوَلِ العَرَبيّةِ
52.	Trade barrier	Something to control or prevent trade between countries. For example tariffs are taxes on goods to increase the price of an imported good.	الحاجزالتجارة
53.	Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and Trans-Pacific Partnership  (TPP)	Free trade partnerships that are in negotiation among nations that border the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Those in favour seek free trade. Those opposed fear loss of jobs, pollution, etc.	الشراكة عبر المحيط الهادئ
54.	UN	The United Nations whose major bodies include the Security Council, the General Assembly	الأُمَم المُتَّحِدة
55.	UNHCR	United Nations High Commission for Refugees:  It was the main organization that helped Palestinian refugees since 1948, and now provides assistance and reports on the status of Syrian Refugees	المفوضية السامية للأمم المتحدة لشؤون للاجئين
56.	WHO	World Health Organization – the main organization of the United Nations for health care	مُنَظَّمة الصِحّةِ العالَميّة
57.	World Bank	An international bank that finances projects like building of dams in developing nations. See this timeline on their projects.  Also called the  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.	البَنْك الدُوَليّ
58.	WTO	World Trade Organization	مُنَظَّمة التِجارةِ العالَميّةِ